Finland

Finland as part of the EU adopts the EU legislation and monitors its implementation. Governance is organised from the national to regional to local (municipal) level with elective powers at national and municipal levels. Regions have regional councils which can set targets for the regions and develop regional strategic documents. Eleven Finnish regions and cities are the signatories of the EU Mission Adaptation charter aiming to develop activities to reach the climate adaptation goals. While the deciding power lies with the local governments, regions are still actively participating in developing their climate mitigation and adaptation agenda.
Local governments have the power and responsibility to manage about two-thirds of the public services, central government has the responsibility over the remaining one-third. The Finnish Local Governance Act (Kuntalaki) grants the municipalities in Finland the power to govern and organise their own services such as stormwater collection and wastewater treatment as well as social welfare, health care, education and culture, and technical services.
Regarding urban planning and nature, municipalities are responsible for planning and maintenance of public areas as well as environmental protection. The municipal level is quite advanced in terms of climate planning and many municipalities have climate strategies in place. In the recent survey by the Association of Finnish Cities and Municipalities (Kuntaliitto), 80% of the municipalities already have a climate plan or are preparing one, and 55% have climate targets integrated into their municipal strategies (119 municipalities responded to the survey).
Examples of NBS relevant policies in Finland:
There are several overarching laws and acts that target protection, sustainable use or management of ecosystems and natural resources as well as those establishing more general coordination. Integrity of water bodies is governed by the Water Act (Vesilaki, which implements the Water Framework Directive) and Flood Risk Management Act (Laki tulvariskien hallinnasta), which implements the EU Flood Directive in Finland and coordinates flood risk management.
The Stormwater Guide by Association of Finnish Cities and Municipalities (Kuntaliitto Hulevesiopas) is extensively used for planning stormwater management in municipalities and for individual properties. The Stormwater Guide is an established and trusted resource that already highlights the use of green infrastructure for stormwater management. It has strong potential for integrating and strengthening the role of NBS for stormwater management and instructing on their design and monitoring.
The Nature Conservation Act (Luonnonsuojelulaki) aims to safeguard biodiversity and the natural environment. The National Biodiversity Strategy is under preparation, with a planned release in 2024. Preceding efforts included a national action plan for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in Finland 2013-2020, which aimed to halt biodiversity loss.
One of the most significant developments is the new Climate Act (Ilmastolaki) which came into force in 2022. It focuses on planning and monitoring of measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change as well as providing the possibility for the public to participate in and influence climate policy. The supporting National Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2030 (Kansallinen ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumissuunnitelma 2030) prepared in 2022 sets targets and goals for Finland’s adaptation efforts. The new plan presents 24 targets based on ten themes and it explicitly mentions the use of NBS for preparedness against climate risks.
Land-use and Building Act (Maankäyttö- ja rakennuslaki) concerns land use and construction. It tries to promote sustainable development of land areas and building activities in the ecological, economic, social and cultural ways, and applies among many categories to town planning.
Several programmes have been initiated and implemented targeting biodiversity and ecosystems. One of the key highlights is the Helmi Habitats programme (2021-2030), which aims to strengthen Finnish biodiversity and ecosystems through negotiated or voluntary restoration and protection actions.
Another key programme has been the Forest Biodiversity Programme for Southern Finland (METSO, set to run until 2025) which aims to preserve forest biodiversity and halt biodiversity loss of forest habitats and species through protection and conservation. A unique feature of METSO is voluntary-based conservation, which targets forest owners. The first National Nature Recreation Strategy 2030 aims to ensure that recreation is possible in healthy ecosystems and delivers health and wellbeing benefits, considering climate change and its impacts.

References

EU – European Union. (2023). EU Missions. Adaptation To Climate Change. Meet the Regions and Local Authorities. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2023. https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/document/download/8a222614-73e5-4253-a3de-d8712885d470_en?filename=EU_HE_Missions_Climate_Meet%20the%20Regions_Factsheet_05122023.pdf
Miettinen, H., Ilmola, J., Parviainen, J., Jalonen, P. & Seppinen, M. (2024). Kuntien ja maakuntien ilmastotyön tilanne 2023. https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/julkaisut/2024/2263-kuntien-ja-maakuntien-ilmastotyon-tilanne-2023
Finnish Government. (2024). Government Report on Finland’s National Climate Change Adaptation Plan until 2030: Wellbeing, Safety and Security in a Changing Climate. Publications of the Finnish Government 2024:11. https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-383-814-7
Suomen Kuntaliitto. (2012). Hulevesiopas. https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/julkaisut/2012/1481-hulevesiopas
Ympäristöministeriö. (n.d.a). Suomen biodiversiteetti­politiikka. https://ym.fi/en/national-biodiversity-policy
Ympäristöministeriö. (n.d.b). Helmi habitats programme aims to strengthen biodiversity. https://ym.fi/en/helmi-habitats-programme
Ympäristöministeriö. (2022). Kansallinen luonnon virkistyskäytön strategia 2030. Valtioneuvoston julkaisuja 2022:13. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-383-685-3

Find advice with examples from Finland here:

Collaborate with research institutions and other knowledge-producing actors

Promoting engagement and collaboration with local research institutes and other knowledge-producing actors such as NGOs can lead to better understanding of NBS impacts and wider outreach.

Collaborations across municipalities with common challenges

To overcome challenges with lack of resources, time, or expertise to apply NBS, municipalities with common challenges should utilise existing arenas for collaboration.

Develop guidelines for stakeholder involvement in NBS projects

Guidelines on how to design and conduct good stakeholder involvement in NBS projects can improve and streamline these processes, and that they become a routine in NBS projects in the long-term.

Engage schools and youth in NBS activities

Engaging youth in NBS education and activities has much potential and can benefit the youth, as well as educate them in more sustainable practices which they can apply later in their adult life.

Establish a common NBS resource platform

Gathering knowledge and inspiration can be time-consuming. A common online NBS resource platform can support civil servants, planners and decision-makers when scoping, planning, and implementing NBS.

Establish interdisciplinary networks within public administrations

Interdisciplinary networks on specific NBS-related topics such as stormwater management or natural hazards can lead to a more cohesive and effective implementation of measures.

Facilitate monitoring and documenting the effects of NBS

Systems to assess the multiple short- and long-term benefits of NBS enable improvement and scalability of NBS initiatives.

Guidance and strategies for plant selection in NBS

Providing guidance regarding plant selection in restoration and protection oriented NBS can underpin the protection of local biodiversity and limit spreading of harmful, invasive species.

Including traditional knowledge in nature management

Integrating traditional knowledge when working with NBS can foster sustainable land management, deepen ecological insight, and strengthen biodiversity.

Integrating NBS in national land-use planning policy

Integrating NBS in national planning policy enables and encourages municipalities to include NBS in their municipal master plans, zoning plans and other important planning documents.

Integrating NBS in strategies for health and recreational areas

Recreational areas for human health and well-being can be the first step of introducing NBS in the urban and rural contexts.

Involving citizens through community programmes for NBS

Citizen engagement through community-based programmes, citizen science and NBS activities helps spreading awareness, contribute to social learning and gain confidence in NBS actions.

Promote cross-sectoral collaboration and partnerships with industry and private actors

Overcoming sectoral silos and fostering interdisciplinary efforts between municipalities/regions, industries and private sector are key for NBS policies to succeed.

Stormwater fees supporting NBS for stormwater management

Adopting or adapting stormwater fees, or water utility fees, can secure funding for nature-based solutions for stormwater management.

Training programs for contractors

Including NBS in education relevant for becoming a contractor, or promoting in-service training on NBS for these professionals, can promote appropriate use and quality of NBS in construction projects